Finishing is the last phase of fixed appliance treatment, where alignment, inclinations, root positions, overjet, overbite and occlusal contacts are refined to defined goals before debonding. Torque, which is the labiolingual inclination of the teeth, and small wire bends are the main tools of this phase.
What finishing aims for
Andrews' six keys to normal occlusion (molar relationship, crown angulation, crown inclination, absence of rotations, tight contacts and a flat occlusal plane) give a checklist. Add level marginal ridges, coordinated midlines, parallel roots and a stable overbite and overjet.
Check the case before debonding
Take photographs, review the OPG for root parallelism, compare the models or scans with the start records, and check the occlusion in function. Fixing a problem while the appliances are still on is easier than reappointing after debonding.
Bends: first, second and third order
First order bends adjust the in-out position of the tooth, second order bends adjust angulation (tip), and third order bends adjust torque. Preadjusted brackets reduce the number of bends, but detailing bends are still used to correct what the brackets have not delivered.
Understanding torque
Torque is the labiolingual inclination of a tooth and, in practice, the moment applied to the root by a rectangular wire in the bracket slot. It is expressed only when the wire engages the slot, so play between wire and slot reduces it. Torque loss during space closure and retraction is common, which is why finishing wires and the slot discussion (see slot size) matter.
Debonding and retention
Remove adhesive carefully to protect the enamel, then deliver retention at once. Retainers may be bonded, removable, or both, and the protocol is set by the treating dentist. Teeth have a lifelong tendency to move, so retention belongs to the treatment plan from the start.
Key takeaways
- Use a checklist such as the six keys, and compare with the start records.
- Third order (torque) bends and wire fit decide root position.
- Retention is part of treatment, so plan it before debonding.
Frequently asked questions
What is torque in orthodontics?
Torque is the labiolingual inclination of a tooth, and in practice the moment applied to the root through a rectangular wire in the bracket slot.
How long should retainers be worn?
Protocols vary. Because teeth tend to move throughout life, many clinicians advise long term retention with a bonded or removable retainer, and the treating dentist sets the protocol for each patient.